The M.A. Research Paper is not the formal M.A. Thesis required by some other Graduate Groups. It is, however, a substantial piece of original scholarship that often begins as a research problem for a 500- or 700-level course and is continued as an independent study (999), according to the advice of the supervising instructor and with the approval of the Graduate Chair. Alternatively, it can originate as an independent study project. In either case, the grade recorded in the 999 must be certified by the advisor and the Graduate Chair as fulfilling the M.A. research requirement of the Graduate Faculties, and a final version of the Research Paper must be deposited with the Graduate Group. The title page should bear the title, author's and advisor's names and the words "Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, University of Pennsylvania, Graduate Group in the History of Art, [month and year of approval]."